E-bike regulations in the European Union

Electric bike (e-bike) laws in the European Union (EU) are standardized under EU Directive 2002/24/EC (updated by Regulation (EU) 168/2013), which classifies e-bikes based on their power, speed, and whether they have a throttle. Here’s a breakdown of the key regulations:

1. E-Bike Classification in the EU

E-bikes in the EU are categorized into two main types:

A. Pedelecs (EPACs – Electrically Power Assisted Cycles)

·        Motor Power: Max 250W (continuous rated power).

·        Speed Assistance: Cuts off at 25 km/h (15.5 mph).

·        Pedal Assistance Only: No throttle (must pedal to engage motor).

·        Legal Status: Treated as regular bicycles—no license, registration, or insurance required.

·        Age Requirement: Varies by country (often 14+).

B. Speed Pedelecs (S-Pedelecs) & Higher-Powered E-Bikes

·        Motor Power: Up to 4,000W (but typically limited to 500W–1,000W in most countries).

·        Speed Assistance: Up to 45 km/h (28 mph).

·        Throttle: Some models may have a throttle (but restrictions apply).

·        Legal Status: Classified as mopeds or L1e-A/L1e-B vehicles—require:

o   Helmet (often motorcycle-style).

o   License (varies: AM, M, or car license in some countries).

o   Registration & Insurance (third-party liability).

o   Vehicle Approval (type approval needed).

2. Key EU-Wide E-Bike Laws

·        Throttle Rules: Most EU countries do not allow throttle-only operation (must be pedal-assist). Some allow a walk-assist mode (up to 6 km/h).

·        Battery & Voltage: No strict limits, but most e-bikes use 36V or 48V systems.

·        Lighting & Reflectors: Mandatory in many countries (front white light, rear red light, reflectors).

·        Brakes: Must have at least two independent braking systems (e.g., front and rear).

3. Country-Specific Variations

While EU law sets a baseline, some countries have additional rules: